- Head
- Infundibulum thickness (Barkovich, 2005)
- 2.6 mm
- Pituitary height in puberty (Barkovich, 2005)
- Female 10 mm
- Male 7-8 mm
- Inner Ear (Neurographics, 2013, 3(3), 144-154)
- IAC stenosis < 2mm
- Large vestibular aqueduct > 1.5 mm at its midpoint
- Infundibulum thickness (Barkovich, 2005)
- Neck
- C-spine
- Anterior atlanto dental interval:
- < 8yrs: 4.5 mm
- Adults: 2.5 mm and non change on flex/ext
- Spinal stenosis <13mm or Spinal Canal/Vertebral Body <80%
- Atlantoccipital Dissociation
- BDI and BAI (normal 12 mm)
- Power’s Ratio (< 1)
- Wackenheim’s clivus line
- Basilar Invagination Lines
- Anterior atlanto dental interval:
- Thyroid lobes: 4 – 6 x 2 x 2 cm
- Thyroid isthmus => 0.4 – 0.6 cm
- Carotids
- Velocity Ratio – %Stenosis
>125 cm/s >50%
>230 cm/s >70% - Use ratios when CCA velocity is < 50 cm/sec or > 100 cm/sec
- Bisferiences Waveform
- AR
- Severe HOCM
- Notch in systole in vertebral artery
- Presteal waveform
- Velocity Ratio – %Stenosis
- C-spine
- Chest
- Trachea
- Narrowing of coronal diameter to coronal/sagittal ration of < 0.6 = saber sheath trachea
- Right paratracheal stripe should be less than 4 mm.
- Tracheoesophageal stripe should be less than 5 mm.
- Aorta
- Ascending => 4 cm
- Pulmonary artery
- Main >2.9 cm => pulmonary hypertension
- Proximal interlobar pulmonary artery > 16 mm => pulmonary hypertension
- Pulmonary Neoplasms
- Nodule < 3cm
- Masses > 3cm
- Trachea
- Abdomen
- Liver => 16 cm
- CBD => 0.6 cm at porta hepatis, 1.0 cm distal
- GBW => < 0.3
- TIPS
- Normal velocities range from 100-200 cm/sec
- Change of more than 50 cm/sec is abnormal
- Stenosis > 200 cm/sec
- MPV < 30 cm/sec indicates possible shunt malfunction
- Ascites fluid
- Serous ascites => -10 to +10 HU
- Exudative ascites => +15 HU
- Acute blood => + 45 HU
- Spleen => 12(13) x 7(6) x 5 cm
- Pancreas
- Head => < 3 cm
- Body => < 2.5 cm
- Tail => < 2.0 cm
- Duct => < 0.3 cm
- Kidneys => 9.5 -12 F; 10-12.5 M
- Adrenals => 0.5 – 0.7 cm thick; 3 cm length each limb
- Stomach
- Folds
- 1 cm at the fundus
- 5 mm at the antrum
- 2 cm at GE junction
- Pyloric stenosis
- Muscle wall < 0.3 cm (or 0.35)
- Pyloric length < 1.7 cm (or 1.2-1.5)
- Folds
- Bowel wall
- Distended 0.1 – 0.2 cm
- Collapsed 0.3 – 0.4 cm
- Jejunal folds: 2.5 mm
- Vessels
- Celiac stenosis
- PSV > 200 cm/sec
- EDV > 55 cm/sec
- SMA stenosis
- PSV > 275 cm/sec (normal < 180 cm/sec)
- EDV > 45 cm/sec
- Renal artery
- Flow reducing stenosis (>60%)
- Renal/aortic ratio > 3.5
- PSV > 180 cm/sec
- < 60% stenosis
- Renal/aortic ratio <3.5
- PSV > 180 cm/sec
- Flow reducing stenosis (>60%)
- Celiac stenosis
- Liver => 16 cm
- Pelvis
- Appendix
- 0.7 cm diameter on US
- Presacral space => 1.5 cm
- Appendix
- Male
- Prostate
- Testis =>
- 5 x 3 x 2.5 cm (16-20 cc)
- Harris (V=H x W x L x 0.52)
- < 11 yo => 2 cm3
- Prepubertal => 2-10 cm3
- Adults => 10-14 cm3
- Veins => < 0.3 cm
- Penis
- Systolic velocities > 35 cm/sec considered normal; < 25 cm/sec abnormal after papaverine or prostaglandin E injection.
- Female
- Uterus => 8 x 5 x 4 cm
- EM
- Premenopausal
- Proliferative 0.4 – 0.8 cm
- Secretory 0.8 – 0.14 cm
- Postmenopausal
- Asymptomatic < 0.8 cm
- Symptomatic < 0.4 cm
- Not on HRT
- 0.4 cm
- On HRT
- Biopsy if more than 0.8 cm
- Premenopausal
- EM
- Ovaries (Volume = L x W x H x 0.52)
- Premenarachal => 2-6 ml
- Menstruating => 8-18 ml
- Postmenopausal => 6-8 ml
- Ovarian cysts
- <2.5 cm => no follow up
- 2.5-5 cm => follow up
- >5cm => surgery
- Pregnancy
- EM thickness
- EM > 8 mm in 97% of nl IUPs
- Average EM is 6 mm in early ectopic
- bHCG
- HCG levels in ectopic pregnancy are highly variable
- Single bHCG 3000 mIU/ml or more – viable IUP possible, but unlikely. Follow up bHCG and US prior to rx for ectopic
- Gestational age
- SOGC Clinical Guidelines 2014
- CRL up to 84 mm
- BPD > 84mm
- Combination is better in second and third trimesters
- Gestational sac with double rings = 5 weeks
- Gestational sac + yolk sac = 5.5 weeks
- Gestational sac + heartbeat = 6 weeks
- SOGC Clinical Guidelines 2014
- MSD (See below new 2012 SRU Consensus Conference numbers)
- Must be seen (transvaginal/transabdominal):
- 10 mm/20 mm => yolk sac
- 18 mm/25 mm => fetal pole
- 5 mm fetal pole => must see heart beat
- Should be seen
- 8 mm => yolk sac should be seen
- 16 mm => embryo should be seen
- Must be seen (transvaginal/transabdominal):
- Yolk sac <6 mm
- CRL
- 5 mm => heartbeat should be seen
- Lower limits of normal embryonic HR
- 5 to 6 weeks
- 90
- 8 weeks
- 120
- 5 to 6 weeks
- Signs diagnostic of pregnancy failure (2012 SRU Consensus Conference)
- CRL 7 mm or more and no HR
- MSD 25 mm or more and no embryo
- No embryo with HR 2 weeks or more after a scan that demonstrated GS without YOS
- No embryo with HR 11 days or more after a scan that demonstrated GS with YOS
- Findings suspicious for pregnancy failure (2012 SRU Consensus Conference)
- CRL less than 7 mm and no fetal HR
- MSD 16-24 mm and no embryo
- No embryo with HR 7-13 days after a scan that showed GS without YOS
- No embryo with HR 7-10 days after a scan that showed GS with YOS
- No embryo 6 weeks or more after LMP
- No visible embryo in visible amnion adjacent to YOS
- YOS more than 7 mm
- Small GS compared to CRL (<5mm difference between GS and CRL)
- Placenta previa
- Distance from placental edge to os should be 2 cm
- Placental thickness < 5 cm (2-4 cm)
- Umbilical cord thickness < or = 2cm
- Cervical incompetence
- Normal length = 4cm
- Incompetent cervix < or = 2.5 cm
- Fetal measurements
- Atrium of the lateral ventricle => 10 mm
- Cisterna magna => 2-10 mm
- Nuchal fold (15 – 21 weeks) => abnormal if more than 6 mm
- Nuchal translucency (11 – 14 weeks) => abnormal if more than 3 mm
- EM thickness
- Uterus => 8 x 5 x 4 cm
- Lymph nodes
- Mediastinum
- Short axis 10 mm
- Prevascular lymph nodes 6 mm
- Short axis 10 mm
- Abdomen
- 10-15 mm
- Retrocrural space 6 mm
- Retroperitoneum 10 mm
- Pelvis 13 mm
- 10-15 mm
- Long-axis/short-axis ratio < 1.5 suspicious for malignancy
- Mesenteric lymph nodes => <3-4 mm in diameter
- Mediastinum
- MSK
- Osteochondroma
- Cartilagenous cup is suspicious for malignant transformation if more >1.5 cm
- Foot
- Hallux valgus >11*
- Boehler’s angle of calcaneus => 28-40 degrees
- Talocalcaneal angle
- AP 15*-40*
- Hindfoot varus < 15*
- Hindfoot valgus > 40*
- Lateral (Kite angle)
- Line bisectging talus and line along the base of the calcaneus
- Normal 25* – 45* (50* in newborns)
- Hindfoot varus < 25*
- Hindfoot valgus >45*
- AP 15*-40*
- Osteochondroma
- Dialysis grafts
- PSV ratio of 2.0-2.99 => 50-74% stenosis
- PSV ratio => 3.0 => 75% stenosis